Python Error Handling

Python dasturlash tilida xatoliklar (errors) va istisnolar (exceptions) ko‘p uchraydi. Ulardan to‘g‘ri foydalanish dastur barqarorligini oshiradi.

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1. Error va Exception farqi

• Error – sintaksis yoki tuzilishdagi xato (masalan, SyntaxError).
• Exception – bajarilish vaqtida sodir bo‘ladigan xatolik (masalan, ZeroDivisionError, ValueError).

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2. Asosiy try/except ishlatish

try:
    x = int(input("Son kiriting: "))
    print(10 / x)
except:
    print("Xatolik yuz berdi!")

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3. Maxsus Exception turlari

try:
    num = int("abc")  # ValueError
except ValueError:
    print("Son kiritilmadi!")

try:
    result = 10 / 0  # ZeroDivisionError
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Nolga bo‘lish mumkin emas!")

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4. Bir nechta except

try:
    x = int("abc")
    y = 10 / x
except ValueError:
    print("Noto‘g‘ri son kiritildi.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Nolga bo‘lish mumkin emas.")

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5. else va finally bloklari

try:
    x = int(input("Son: "))
    result = 10 / x
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Nolga bo‘lib bo‘lmaydi.")
else:
    print("Natija:", result)
finally:
    print("Dastur tugadi.")

• else → faqat xatolik bo‘lmaganda ishlaydi.
• finally → doim ishlaydi (fayl yopish, resurslarni bo‘shatish uchun foydali).

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6. Exception obyektidan foydalanish

try:
    x = 10 / 0
except Exception as e:
    print("Xatolik turi:", type(e).__name__)
    print("Xabar:", e)

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7. O‘z xatoligingizni yaratish (raise)

def check_age(age):
    if age < 18:
        raise ValueError("Yosh 18 dan katta bo‘lishi kerak!")
    return "Kirish mumkin."

try:
    print(check_age(16))
except ValueError as e:
    print("Xato:", e)

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8. Custom Exception klasslari

class NegativeNumberError(Exception):
    pass

def factorial(n):
    if n < 0:
        raise NegativeNumberError("Manfiy son uchun factorial aniqlanmagan!")
    result = 1
    for i in range(1, n+1):
        result *= i
    return result

try:
    print(factorial(-5))
except NegativeNumberError as e:
    print("Xato:", e)

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9. Eng ko‘p ishlatiladigan Exception turlari

• ValueError
• TypeError
• ZeroDivisionError
• IndexError
• KeyError
• FileNotFoundError
• ImportError

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10. Amaliy Masalalar

1. Foydalanuvchi kiritgan sonni 10 ga bo‘lib, ZeroDivisionErrorni tuting.
2. Ro‘yxatdan noto‘g‘ri indeks olishda IndexErrorni boshqaring.
3. Fayl ochishda FileNotFoundErrorni boshqaring.
4. O‘z xatolik klassingizni yozing va undan foydalaning.
5. Exception obyektidan xato nomi va xabarini chop eting.

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✅ Xulosa: Error handling — bu dasturingizni ishonchli va professional qilishning muhim qismi.